AP European History
Chapter 15: The Experiences of Life in Early Modern Europe, 1500 - 1650
Über-Detailed Study Questions
Haymaking and Economic Life
1. From throughout the village, families come together to _____.
2. _____ times per year, the grass is cut, dried, and stacked.
3. This system, described in 1 and 2, is known as _____.
4. _____ were still a luxury for farmers; they could be used for transportation as well as labor, but they were weaker than _____ and had to be fed _____ rather than grass.
5. In a standard home, the _____ separates a kitchen in the back from the long hall where the family works, sleeps, and entertains itself.
6. The _____ – it would not be uncommon for there to only be one for the entire family – would be near the fireplace and would be restuffed with _____ after the harvest.
7. The far end of the hall, farthest from heat and light, would be home to the family’s _____ once winter set in. In the summer, it was a luxurious space where children could play or parents could claim a little privacy.
8. The _____ is easily distinguished by its steeple and is made of _____. The steeple in the picture has _____ windows, probably all set with expensive glass and even some stained glass. It would have been build over several generations at considerable cost to the villagers. Even the most prosperous houses in the far meadow are made of _____ and _____.
9. _____ are used by the men in order to load the cart while the women sweep the hay that falls back into new piles.
10. Throughout the field, men and women, distinguished only by their clothing, rake hay into large stacks for successive loadings of the cart. At least _____ individuals work at these tasks. Men perform the heaviest work of loading the haycart and hammering the _____.
11. Children usually picked _____ and _____.
12. By today’s standards, a sixteenth-century prince endured greater material hardships than a twentieth-century _____.
13. _____ and _____ indicate that contemporaries were constantly surprised by the habits and possessions of other Europeans. _____, _____, _____, and _____ separated peoples in one place from those in another.
14. A _____ had more in common with a _____ than either had with his country’s peasants.
15. A Spanish goldsmith and a German _____ lived remarkably similar lives when compared to that of a shepherd anywhere in Europe.
16. French peasant families had _____ children on average (though obviously no single family had this number).
17. _____ increased: more land was cleared, more crops were grown, and better tools were crafted.
18. Irreplaceable resources were lost: more _____ were felled, more _____ was eroded, and more _____ was polluted.
19. The century-long _____ and increase in _____ fundamentally altered people’s lives.
20. Not since the _____ had Europe experiences so thorough a transformation in its economic development and its social organization,
21. In the early modern era, as much as _____% of the European population lived on farms or in small towns in which farming was the principal occupation.
22. _____ were small and relatively isolated, even in densely populated regions such as _____ and _____.
23. The previous might range in size from _____ families, as was common in France and Spain, to _____ families, as was common in _____.
24. A surplus peasant population fed the insatiable appetite of towns for _____ and of crowns for _____.
25. The _____, the _____, and the _____ were the institutional infrastructures of Europe. Each organized the peasantry for its own purposes.
26. _____ supported the lifestyle of the nobility; _____ supported the works of the Church; _____ supported the power of the state. The three combined easily absorbed over _____ (fraction) of all the wealth produced by the land.
27. One in every _____ harvests was bad. One in every _____ was disastrous. Depending upon the soil and crop, between _____ and _____ of the gain harvested had to be saved as seed for the next planting season.
28. _____ and _____ were the constant companions of the average European (hardships).
29. In _____ and _____, winter posed as great a threat to survival as did starvation.
30. There, the places in the previous question, the _____ and garments made from _____ were essential requirements, as were the _____ and the _____ in the south.
31. Everywhere in Europe, the homes were inadequate shelter against the _____ and _____. Most were built of _____ and roofed with _____.
32. Inside walls were patched with _____ and sometimes covered with _____ or _____.
33. _____ were few and narrow. _____ or _____, which could easily be replaced, covered the ground and acted as _____.
34. The typical house was one long room with a _____ at the end, providing both heat and light and belching forth soot and smoke through a _____.
35. The essential piece of furniture was the _____, used for storage
36. The possessions kept in the previous could be _____ or _____ in times of trouble.
37. The previous object also had other uses. Its flat top served as a _____ or _____ or as a _____ on which food could be placed.
38. _____ and _____ were becoming more common during the sixteenth century, though _____ were still a great luxury.
39. Most domestic activities, of which _____, _____, and _____ were dominant, took place close to the ground, and _____, _____, and _____ were the usual postures of family members.
40. In areas in which _____, _____, and other domestic skills were an important part of the family’s economy, a long _____ was propped against the wall, usually beneath a _____.
41. _____ were also becoming more common as the century wore on. They raised the _____ mattresses off the ground, keeping them warmer and drier.
42. All other family possessions related to food production. _____ and _____, or at least metal _____ and _____ for wooden ones, were treasured goods that were passed from generation to generation.
43. Most other implements were _____. Long-handled _____; boards known as _____ used for cutting and eating; and one large _____ and _____ were the basic stock of the kitchen.
44. _____ were essential farm tools that doubled for kitchen and mealtime duty, but _____ were still a curiosity.
45. Europe at this time was a civilization of daylight – up at _____, asleep at _____; long working hours in _____, short ones in _____.
46. For most Europeans, the world was bounded by the distance that could be traveled on foot. Those who stayed all their lives in their rural villages may never have seen more than _____ people at once or have heard any noise louder than a _____ and terrifying _____,
47. _____ is among the first modern novels, one of a variety of sixteenth-century Spanish stories that are called _____ after the wandering _____ that are their heroes.
48. Although the stories are [the second blank in 47], much of the descriptive detail accurately portrays the social conditions for the vast majority of the Spanish population in the so-called “_____.”
49. Peasant life centered on _____. Technology and technique varied little across the continent, but there were significant differences depending upon _____ and _____.
50. Across the great plain, the breadbasket that stretched from the Low Countries to Poland-Lithuania, the most common form of crop growing was still the _____.
51. In that method, winter crops such as _____ or _____ were planted in one field; spring crops such as _____, _____, or _____ were planted in another; the third field was left _____.
52. More than _____% of what was grown on the farm was eaten on the farm. In most parts of Europe, _____ was a luxury crop, sold at market rather than eaten at home. The previous, when used in bread, was prized for its _____, _____, and _____.
53. _____ and _____ were the staples for peasants. Those grains were cheaper to grow, had higher yields, and could be brewed as well as baked. Most of the grain was baked into the coarse _____ that was the monotonous fare of the peasant diet.
54. _____ to _____ pounds a day for an adult male was an average allotment when grain was readily available. _____ and _____ and _____ or water flavored with _____ supplemented peasant fare.
55. In one form or another, grain provided more than _____% of the calories in a typical diet.
56. The warm climate and dry weather of _____ Europe favored a two-crop rotation system. With less water and stronger sunlight, _____ (fraction) of the land had to be left fallow each year to restore its nutrients.
57. In the previous region, fruit, especially _____ and _____, were an essential supplement to the diet. With smaller cereal crops, _____ replaced beer as a nutritional beverage. The fermentation of _____ and _____into the previous beverage (and beer, too) provided convenient ways of storing foodstuffs, a constant problem during the winter and early spring.
58. _____ and _____ were also luxury products and were most commonly exchanged for _____, which was less plentiful on southern European farms.
59. _____ was the main occupation in the third agricultural area of Europe, the mountainous and hilly regions. _____ were the most common animal raised. They provided raw material for almost all clothing, their skins were used for _____ and as _____, and they were a ready source of inexpensive meat.
60. They were bred in hundreds of thousands, migrating across large areas of grazing land, especially in western Europe, where their _____ was the main export in _____ and _____.
61. _____ were domestic animals prevalent in woodland settlements. They foraged for food and were kept, like _____, for slaughter.
62. _____, on the other hand (compared with 61), were essential farm animals. Spanish poet, _____, said that women and _____ were the fundamentals of the home.
63. In the dairying areas of Europe, the previous animals produced _____, _____, and _____; in _____ and _____, they were raised for export; and most everywhere else they were used as _____.
64. Most land was owned, not by those who worked it, but by lords who let it out in various ways. The land was still divided into _____, and the manor lord, called the _____, was still responsible for maintaining order, administering justice, and arbitrating disputes.
65. Lords were not necessarily individual members of the nobility; in fact, they were more commonly the _____ or the _____. In western Europe, peasants generally owned between a _____ and a _____ of all the land they worked, while eastern European peasants owned little if any land.
66. But by the sixteenth century, almost all peasants enjoyed security of _____ on they land they worked. In return for various forms of rents, they used the land as they saw fit and could hand it down to their children.
67. Rents were only occasionally paid in _____, although money rents became more common as the century progressed. More frequently, the lord received a fixed proportion of the yield of the land or received labor from the peasant. Labor service was replaced by monetary payments in northern and western Europe.
68. Labor service that was not replaced by monetary payments, as in eastern Europe, was known as the “_____.” German and Hungarian peasants normally owed _____ or _____ days’ labor on the lord’s estate each week, while Polish peasants might owe as many as _____ days.
69. REVIEW FROM CHAPTER 9: The lord’s reserve was known as the “_____.”
70. Eastern European peasants were less mobile than peasants in the west, and as a result, fewer and smaller _____ were established in the east.
71. Although the land in each village was set out in large fields so that crops could be rotated, families owned their own pieces within the field, usually in scattered strips that they _____, _____, and _____ individually. There were also large common fields used as _____, as well as common _____ where animals foraged, fuel was gathered, and game hunted.
72. Disputes broke out over land sharing, frequently over rights to _____ and _____, and over the number of _____ or _____ that could be grazed in the meadows, especially when resources were scarce.
73. _____ or _____ times a year, farmers tilled the fields to spread animal manure below the surface of the soil. While most villages possessed _____, the team of draught _____ was the essential component for farming.
74. The births of _____ and _____ were more celebrated events than the births of children; the death of an _____ or _____ was a catastrophe that could drive a family into debt or from the land entirely.
75. Calamities lurked everywhere, from _____ and _____ to _____ and _____. Most farms could support only one family at _____ level, and excess sons and daughters had to fend for themselves, either through _____ in the village or by _____ to a town.
76. In the country. Men and women worked to the natural rhythm of the day; up at the _____, at work in the cooler hours, at rest in the hotter ones. In the town, the bell tolled every _____. In the summer, laborers gathered at the town gates at _____ in the morning, in the winter at _____. Wages were paid for hours worked: _____ in winter, as many as _____ in June and July.
77. In all towns there was an official _____ structure that organized and regulated labor. Rules laid down the requirements for training, the standards of quality, and the conditions for exchange.
78. In the German town of _____, a _____ maker could not make knives nor could a pin maker make _____. Specialization went even further in _____, _____, and other large cities.
79. The town was one large _____ in which the circulation of goods dictated the survival of the residents.
80. Urban poverty was _____ and grew worse as the century wore on. In most towns, as much as a _____ of the entire population might be destitute, living from casual day labor, _____, or _____.
81. In _____, overseers of the poor distributed a daily ration of a _____ of bread, more than half of what a farm laborer would consume.
82. The urban poor more often fell victim to _____ than to starvation.
83. The preparation and exchange of _____ dominated small market towns. Peasants would bring in their finest produce for sale and exchange it for vital manufactured goods such as _____ and _____ for cooking or _____ and _____ tools for farm work.
84. In smaller towns, there was as much _____ as sale; in larger places, money was exchanged for commodities.
85. Because of their skill in food preparation, women were better able to obtain the best prices and advantageously display the best goods. In the small towns, men divided their time between traditional agricultural pursuits and _____.
86. _____ of the households in the Spanish town of _____ derived their income entirely from farming.
87. Larger traders dominated the major occupations such as _____, _____, and _____, leaving distribution in the hands of the family economy, where there might still be a significant element of bartering.
88. _____ became the staple for less prosperous town families, who prepared raw materials for the large manufacturers or finished products before their sale. Occupations were usually organized geographically, with _____- or _____ taking place in one quarter of the town, _____ and _____ in another.
89. In large towns there were also specialized trades performed by women. There were 55 _____ in Nuremberg in the middle of the sixteenth century, and a board of women chosen from among the leading families to supervise their work. In addition, only women nursed the sick.
90. _____ was an officially sanctioned occupation in most large towns in the early modern era. There were town _____, situated in specified districts, subject to taxation and government control. Public _____, which employed skilled women workers, served as unofficial brothels for the upper ranks of society. They too were regulated, especially after the first great epidemic of _____.
91. The most lucrative occupations were strictly controlled, so those who flocked to towns in search of employment usually hired themselves out as day laborers, hauling and lifting goods onto _____ or _____, stacking materials at _____, or delivering _____ and food.
92. The most fortunate day laborers might succeed in becoming _____.
93. In Münster at mid-century, there were _____ servants for _____ households. Domestics were not _____, though they might aspire to become [the last blank] to the trade followed in the family with whom they lived.
94. Quite commonly, domestics remained household servants, frequently changing employers in hope of more comfortable housing and better _____.
95. Any number of circumstances, from the death of _____ to allegations of _____, could cost them their places. Male servants were scapegoats for _____; female servants were vulnerable to _____.
96. The town of Nuremberg controlled _____ square miles of forest and farmlands, while the region around _____ was inhabited by thousands of peasants who paid taxes and rents to city landlords.
97. Agriculture was the _____ largest occupation in the Spanish city of _____, which had a population of more that _____ in the early sixteenth century.
98. All towns had municipal storehouses of _____ to preserve their inhabitants from famine during harvest failures. Male grape pickers in _____ received _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____; women received _____, _____, _____, and _____.
99. It is hardly surprising that towns were enclosed by _____ and defended by _____.
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