AP European History
Chapter 14: Europe at War, 1555 - 1648
Über-Detailed Study Questions
The Massacre of the Innocents and the Crises of the Western States
1. _____ dominated all aspects of life. It enhanced the power of the state; it defined gender roles; it consumed lives and treasures and commodities ravenously.
2. The early part of the sixteenth century had witnessed the dynastic struggle between the _____ and the House of _____, as well as the beginnings of the religious struggle between _____ and _____.
3. The French endured _____ years of civil war. The Spanish fought for _____ years with the Dutch.
4. In 1618, the various theaters of war came together in one massive European war, the _____.
5. _____ painted _____, a horrifying composition of power, terror, and despair painted at the height of the previous war.
6. The depiction of the mother’s and child’s despair captures an opposite circumstance with a mother and child familiar to most Europeans, _____ and _____.
7. The soldier’s foot digs into _____. His hand is pulling on _____.
8. “Un roi, une foi, une loi” means _____, _____, _____.
9. The _____ decided that the religion of the ruler was to be the religion of the subjects.
10. The compromises that might have brought Protestants back into a reformed Catholic church were doomed from the start. The practical solution of _____ was also doomed from the start. Had it been a part of 16th century society, perhaps so many wars might not have occurred.
11. Pope _____ described liberty of conscience as “the worst thing in the world.”
12. Only _____, _____, and a few German states experimented with religious toleration during the 16th century.
13. The century between the _____ (1555) and the _____ (1648) was the century of total war.
14. No wars are more terrible than _____ wars.
15. It was not until _____ reformed the church in _____ and began to export his brand of Protestantism that French society began to divide alone religious lines.
16. By 1560, there were more than _____ Protestant congregations in France, whose membership totaled nearly _____% of the French population.
17. Calvin and his successors concentrated their efforts on large provincial towns and had their greatest successes among the middle ranks of urban society, _____, _____, and _____.
18. _____ died in a jousting tournament. His “extraordinary” widow, named _____, and their _____ daughters and _____ sons survived the king. The oldest of the sons was only _____ years old, named _____.
19. Under the influence of his “beautiful” young wife, _____, the oldest previously mentioned son allowed the _____ family to dominate the great offices of state and to exclude their rivals from power.
20. The previously mentioned family controlled the two most powerful institutions of the state – the _____ and the _____.
21. The previous family was staunchly _____ (religion), and among their enemies were the _____, princes of the blood with a direct claim to the French throne but also a family with powerful Protestant members.
22. The _____, the leading Protestant peer of the realm, was sentenced to death. Five days before his execution, Francis II died and Guise power evaporated.
23. The new king, _____ (1560-1574), was only _____ years old and firmly under the grip of his mother, Catherine de Médicis.
24. Catherine declared herself _____.
25. In 1562, following Condé’s execution, a civil war broke out. At first, Catherine tried to negotiate with the Bourbons, but she realized the Guises were more powerful. _____, king of _____, was the next in line to succeed to the throne should Charles IX and his two brothers die without male heirs.
26. The previous man was raised Protestant by his mother, _____, who was raised Protestant by her mother, _____.
27. French Calvinists were called “_____.”
28. The inconclusive nature of the early battles might have allowed for the pragmatic solution sought by Catherine de Médicis had it not been for the assassination of the _____ in 1563 by a Protestant fanatic.
29. In open defiance of the _____ dynastic interests, the Guises courted support from Spain, while the Huguenots imported _____ and _____ mercenaries to fight in France.
30. By 1570, Catherine was ready to attempt another reconciliation. She announced her plans for a marriage between her daughter, _____, and _____, a marriage that would symbolize the spirit of conciliation between the crown and the Huguenots. The marriage was to take place in _____ during August 1572. The arrival of Huguenot leaders from all over France to attend the marriage ceremony presented an opportunity of a different kind to the Guises and their supporters.
31. _____ was the _____ the Jesus described as a man without guile. Ironically, it was on his _____ day that the Huguenots who had innocently come to celebrate Henry’s marriage were led like lambs to the slaughter. On 24 August 1572, the streets of Paris ran red with Huguenot blood.
32. _____ and a number of other important _____ leaders escaped the carnage and returned to their urban strongholds. In the following weeks, the violence spread from Paris to the _____ and thousands of Protestants were killed.
33. Not until the _____ would France experience as much bloodshed as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.
34. For more than a decade, _____ had maintained a distance between the crown and the leaders of the Catholic movement. After St. Bart’s Day Mass., that distance no longer existed. For the first time, Huguenot writers provided justification for _____.
35. A number of Catholic peers now joined with the Huguenots to protest the excesses of the crown and the Guises. Those Catholics came to be called _____ from their desire for a practical settlement of the wars. They were led by the _____, next in line to the throne after _____ became king.
36. Against them, in Paris and a number of other towns, the _____ was formed, a society that pledged its first allegiance to religion. It took up where the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre left off, and the slaughter of ordinary people who unluckily professed the wrong religion continued.
37. When the leaders of the politiques, the duc d’Anjou, died, it became increasingly more apparent that Henry III would not produce a male heir. Therefore, after Anjou’s death, _____ was next in line for the throne, which bothered the Catholic Leaguers. The Leaguers began to develop theories of lawful resistance to monarchical power.
38. By 1585, when the final civil war began – _____, named for _____, _____, and _____ – the crown was in the weakest possible position. Paris and the Catholic towns were controlled by the League, the Protestant strongholds by Henry of Navarre.
39. Henry III could not abandon his _____ or his _____, but neither could he gain control of the Catholic party.
40. In December 1588, Henry III summoned _____ and _____ to a meeting in the royal _____. They were murdered, and the _____ blamed for the murder. Henry III was forced to flee his capital.
41. Paris was still firmly in the hands of the League, and Henry was in danger of becoming a king without a country. He made a pact with _____, and together royalist and Huguenot forces besieged Paris. All supplies were cut off from the city and only the arrival of a _____ army prevented its fall.
42. In 1589, the same year that _____ died, a fanatic _____ gained revenge for the murder of the Guises by assassinating _____.
43. After nearly _____ years of continuous civil war, it was certain that a Huguenot could never rule France. The League had already proclaimed a Catholic rival as king, and the pope excommunicated _____ and absolved France from loyal to him.
44. If Henry were to rule all of France, he would have to become a _____ king. He reportedly declared, “_____.”
45. He strengthened his forces, tightened his bonds with the politiques, and urged his countrymen to expel the _____ invaders. He finally made his conversion public and in 1694 was crowned _____.
46. The League’s claimant to the throne had died, so they accepted the previous man as king. War had sapped both their _____ and their _____. Most of the leading peers on both sides were nearly bankrupt, and Henry IV was willing to pay large cash settlements to all those who would return to their _____ and pledge allegiance to him.
47. Henry IV declared war on _____ to unite his nation against foreign aggression, and he carefully reestablished the balance of aristocratic factions at his _____. Although Huguenots and Calvinists everywhere were shocked by Henry’s conversion, they were hardly in a position to wage a successful war against their former leader.
48. In 1598, Henry proclaimed the _____, which granted limited toleration to the Huguenots. It was the culmination of declared of attempts to find a solution to the existence of two religions in one state. Henry IV now fit the description “one king, two _____.”
49. Sporadic fighting between Catholics and Huguenots continued, and fanatics on both sides fanned the flames of religious hatred. Henry IV survived _____ attempts on his life before he was finally stabbed by an assassin. But by then, Henry reestablished the monarchy and brought a semblance of peace to France.
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