AP European History
Chapter 13: The Reform of Religion
Über-Detailed Study Questions
Sola Scriptura and the Intellectual Reformation
1. People began having an insatiable appetite for _____.
2. Before 1500, there were 14 complete Bibles printed in _____, 4 in _____, 4 in _____, 4 in _____, 1 in _____, and 1 in ______.
3. Hundreds more were written in Latin, the official _____ Bible first translated by St. _____ in the 4th century.
4. Special portions of the Bible, including the _____and the first books of the _____.
5. 24 editions of the appeared in _____ before a new translation appeared in 1530.
6. _____’s translation of the Bible in German in 1522 became a best-seller.
7. In 25 years, the previous translation went through _____ editions.
8. _____ (number) Bibles were printed in German during the first half of the sixteenth century – a time when Europe had a German-speaking population of about _____, _____% of whom were illiterate.
9. Owning bibles led to a need for reforming the church, when priests did all of the interpreting of the Bible. (Sorry, no fill-in-the-blank here.)
10. The inspiration for reform was based on the _____.
11. Woodcut pictures, depicting the life of _____ or scenes from the _____, were printed in untold quantities for the edification of the unlettered.
12. _____ refers to the languages in which the Bibles were printed, the language of the people who read them.
13. _____ means “by the word alone,” the battle cry of religious reform.
14. The technological advancement that had a huge bearing on spreading Protestant doctrine was the development of _____, which sprang out of _____ (country).
15. _____ (fraction) of all books sold in Germany between 1518 and 1525 were written by _____.
16. _____ and _____ were the two major industries that contributed to the progress made in the field of printing.
17. Universities’ need to attain _____ led to the development in a trade of bookselling in towns.
18. The number of the above was due to a lack of _____ and _____.
19. It took _____ sheep to produce a single Bible.
20. Copyists stopped using linen rags for paper, and instead used expensive _____.
21. _____ (ca. 1400-1468), and his partners in _____ were famous for their published Bibles.
22. At first, books were seen as inferior to handwritten scripts and equally as expensive, compared the above’s Bibles to investing in a _____ today.
23. By 1480, more than _____ towns in Italy and Germany had established presses.
24. By the beginning of the 16th century, _____ and ______ became centers for the printing trade.
25. Paris produced more than _____ new titles annually.
26. Classical books and religious titles were the most widely produced, with _____ being the best-selling classical author.
27. After just 40 years since the beginning of the rise in printing, _____ books were produced and distributed.
28. The printing press reformed university education, legal training and legal proceedings, state business, and documented new discoveries in the New World. (no ?s)
29. Printing helped standardized _____ by frequent repetition of preferred usage and spelling.
30. The printing press led to the expansion of the ideas of _____ from the Renaissance.
31. The combination of Renaissance ideas with the new technology in northern Europe became known as _____, which aimed to make better Christians through education.
32. New humanists were trained in Italy to master _____ and _____.
33. Humanists, like _____, were especially interested in the education of women.
34. Spanish humanist _____ wrote _____, commissioned by Catherine of Aragon as a handbook for women of the elite orders.
35. _____ was the dominant manner of teaching at schools and universities, with new methods of standardized education.
36. With the above, _____ of the opinions of the church fathers was more important than critical thinking.
37. The question many Scholastics considered the question “_______________________________.”
38. By the time of Christian humanism, the Vulgate Bible had been about _____ years old.
39. Christian humanists were opposed to the Christian practices including _____ and _____.
40. Two important writers in Christian humanism were _____ and _____.
41. _____, sister of _____, was an accomplished writer who frequently interceded on behalf of the leading French humanists.
42. Under the influence of French humanist _____, Francis established the _____ (school).
43. Under the direction of Cardinal _____, the University of _____ was founded in Spain.
44. The _____, literally “_____,” was produced with side-by-side translations of religious texts and took more than _____ years to complete.
45. _____ elegantly printed volumes of this Bible allowed scholars to compare the text – the New Testament in 3 languages (_____, _____, _____) and the New Testament in 2 (_____, _____).
46. Orphaned at an early age, _____ was educated by the _____, a lay brotherhood that specialized in schooling children and preparing them for a monastic life.
47. The previous studied first in _____, then in _____ (countries).
48. The previous composed a short satire on the lines of conversations with Thomas More, extolling what was silly and condemning what was wise, known as _____.
49. At age 30, the previous began the arduous task of learning ancient Greek and devoted his energies to study the writings of _____, the key complier of the _____.
50. Erasmus is the father of _____.
51. Erasmus’s books were usually _____ books. He propounded _____ rules on how to lead a Christian life.
The Lutheran Reformation
52. When parish livings were sold to the highest bidder to raise money, it’s called _____.
53. When rich appointments were given to kinsmen of powerful Church leaders rather than those most qualified, it’s called _____.
54. When some individual clergymen accumulated numerous positions whose responsibilities they could not be filled, it’s called _____.
55. 140,000 people visited the relics at _____ in a single day in 1496
56. The shrine of the apostle St. _____ at _____ in Spain was believed to cure the ill.
57. Henry VII of England provided money for _____ masses to be said for his soul.
58. Such services, as in the following, were performed at _____. The [previous answer] became overburdened by the “_____” because there were not enough priests and altars.
59. The performance of acts of contrition assigned after confession is called _____.
60. Confession must be made _____ time(s) per year, minimum.
61. A supplement to penance, portions of the treasury of merit performed by righteous Christians throughout the ages are called _____.
62. Indulgences were bought for 4 reasons, more or less… name them.
63. Indulgences were one of the first items printed by _____.
64. Sinners who repented their sins were called _____.
65. _____ the “_____,” ruler of _____ in the HRE, owned 17,000 relics, including a branch from the burning bush, a straw from Jesus’ manger, and 35 pieces of the true cross. His relics, combined, had the power to absolve as much as _____ years in purgatory.
66. In 1517, the pope offered an indulgence to help fund the building of _____. He chose _____ to distribute the indulgence to Germany.
67. The previous man chose Dominican priest _____ to help administer the indulgence.
68. Frederick banned this indulgence. His relics were housed in the castle at _____. The day that they would be unveiled for the public is known as _____.
69. The night before the previous, _____, a professor of theology at _____, posted his _____ on the door of the castle’s church.
70. After the previous posted the previous, humanists began to translate it into _____ and spread it throughout the HRE.
71. Luther’s father prepared him to study in the field of _____. Against his father’s wishes, Luther entered a(n) _____ monastery after an incident where he was almost _____.
72. Luther went on to study at the university, at _____ and later at _____.
73. At the second previous blank, Luther received his _____ (type of degree) and was appointed to the _____ faculty in 1512.
74. At the age of _____, Luther was a _____ and began serving as a priest to the church at _____.
75. Luther became an overseer of 11 _____.
76. He was sent to _____ to argue a case for his order.
77. Luther believed that the righteousness of God could not be achieved through _____ but instead was freely given.
78. His religion was shaped by the idea of justification by faith alone, also called _____.
79. Sin was ever present. It could not be washed away by _____ or forgiven by _____.
80. Luther also believed that faith in God’s mercy came only through the knowledge and contemplation of the Word of God, also called _____.
81. Luther believed that all who believed in God’s righteousness and had achieved their faith through the _____ are seen as equals in God’s eyes.
82. The doctrine of sola fide called into question the Church’s emphasis upon the _____ – that is, receiving the sacraments administered by the priests and performing the acts of _____ and _____.
83. _____ and _____ asked Luther to recant his ideas. He was finally excommunicated by _____. The second blank in this question asked Luther to appear before the assembly, or _____, in _____.
84. Luther said that if he could be shown _____, he would gladly retract his views.
85. Luther believed that the Pope served as a _____ intervention rather an a divine one.
86. In his _____, he called upon the princes to take the reform of religion into their own hands. _____ declared Luther an enemy of the empire.
87. Between 1517 and 1520, Luther published _____ works, all of which achieved massive sales.
88. Luther is the founder of the movement called _____.
89. _____ turned to Luther’s views because, in a world where the average lifespan was _____ years, they had sincere religious conviction and wanted to centralize their administrations.
90. Taxes and gifts followed south to a papacy dominated by the _____.
91. Reformed religion stressed the equality of the _____ and the _____.
92. Protestantism spread all through the cities in _____, ruled under various princes.
93. Once a town was Protestant, most town governments took the Catholic buildings and converted them into _____ or _____.
94. Former monks were allowed to trade and become citizens, and nuns were encouraged to _____.
95. _____, sister of _____, frequently intervened with her brother on behalf of individual Lutherans who fell afoul of Church authorities.
96. She created her own court in the south of _____, and her devotional poem “_____” inspired women reformes. This poem was translated into English by _____.
97. _____ served a similar role to the previous in the Holy Roman Empire. She was sister of both _____ and _____, queen of _____ and later regent of _____.
98. Luther dedicated an edition of the _____ to the previous woman.
99. _____, wife of _____ of Poland, was _____ by birth and later spread humanist ideas and art throughout Poland. She became one of the largest independent landowners in the state and initiated widespread agricultural and economic reforms. Her _____ was one of Poland’s leading Protestants.
100. Luther said, “Next to God’s word there is no more precious treasure than _____.”
101. One of the losses of women’s influence in Protestant society came with the idea that one should not worship _____.
102. Protestantism was the cause of the dissolution of _____.
103. In _____, the _____ established a Lutheran form of worship that soon took hold all along the shores of the Baltic.
104. Lutheran-inspired reformers seized control of the Polish port city of _____ while neighboring Prussia.
105. Polish translations were disseminated into _____, and Protestant communities were established as far south as _____.
106. In Scandinavia, _____ of Denmark had been present at the Diet of Worms and was impressed by Luther.
107. _____ had studied at Wittenberg and returned to preach Lutheranism at _____. He was trained using Erasmus’s Greek New Testament and Luther’s German one to prepare his _____ translation.
108. _____ led a successful uprising against the Danes and became king of _____.
109. _____ was the founder of the form of Christianity most evident in Bohemia. The mass was said in _____ and the Bible was translated into the vernacular. The laity took both the _____ and the _____ at communion.
110. Protestantism was popular in the _____ towns of the HRE. _____ brought reformed religion to the town of _____. He was educated at the University of _____ and preached to the mercenaries that fought for the empire.
111. In 1519, the previous man was inflicted with the _____, which actually connected him more deeply with God.
112. Zwingli stressed the equality of believers, the corruption of indulgences, penance, clerical celibacy, prayers to the Virgin, and statues and images in chuches. (No ?’s here, but learn anyway.)
113. Zwingli called mass the “_____.”
114. Zwingli participated in formal religious disputations in both _____ and _____.
115. He organized a formal military alliance with men from the _____. He died _____ (how, where?).
116. The leaders of the state and the leaders of the church were linked together is a system of _____.
The Protestant Reformation
117. _____ was under the dual government of the duchy of _____.
118. The previous city made an alliance with _____, which saved them from being completely wiped out when they started a battle against the previous duchy.
119. Under _____’s influence, the previous city (in 118) became Protestant.
120. The language of Geneva is _____, not German like in Bern.
121. Martin Luther had set out to become a lawyer, but became a priest. _____ took the opposite route.
122. The previous man was born in _____ (country) and was a son of a _____ (nothing offensive here).
123. His education was based on _____ principles and included studying _____ and _____ and _____ at the University of _____.
124. At age 20, he converted to _____.
125. _____ tried to kick the Protestants out of France, but luckily for him, Calvin fled Paris. His friend was burned for _____ and in response, while traveling to _____, he wrote his first edition of _____.
126. Calvin eventually settled and retired in _____, to live out his days as a scholar.
127. _____, one of Geneva’s leading Protestants, urged Calvin to stay in Geneva while he had been passing through. He wound up staying, for about _____ years.
128. Calvin accepted _____ and the biblical foundation of religious authority. He also believed in the idea that the gift of faith was granted only to some and that each individual’s salvation or damnation was decided before birth, known as _____.
129. Those who were destined to be saved were called “the _____,” and were obliged to govern.
130. The Calvinist church is structured with four parts: _____, _____, _____, and the _____.
131. By the time of Calvin’s death, there were _____ pastors – a very small number compared to the _____ Catholic priests who administered the sacraments.
132. _____ were scholars who mastered the difficult portions of the Bible and increased the number of the pastors through their teachings.
133. In the beginning, _____ was the only previous answer in all of Geneva, but he helped establish the University of _____ which supplied many theologians.
134. _____ were laymen chosen by the congregation to oversee the institutions of social welfare run by the church, including hospitals and schools.
135. _____ had the power to discipline. There were _____ of these in the city.
136. The pastors and the previous answer met each week to examine violations of God’s laws in a body known as the _____. This body also held the power to excommunicate. The most common offenses were _____, though they also handled cases about superstitions and blasphemy.
137. _____, who had nearly become a recognized guild, were expelled from Geneva.
138. _____ is Calvin’s seminal writing on European Protestantism. It began as an effort to extend Protestantism to _____. Calvinism was later spread to _____, where it became the basis for _____. It also spread to _____ and _____.
139. Calvinism had a great impact on _____, where their reformation happened not once but twice.
The English Reformation
140. _____ had been married to _____ and wanted an _____ because the had not borne him a son to carry on his family line.
141. In ten years, the previous lady had given birth to _____ children, in addition to many _____. Only one daughter, _____, survived.
142. Henry thought that his wife’s having no male heirs was a punishment from God, so he requested a _____ to have the marriage annulled. He was being punished for marrying his brother _____’s wife.
143. Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of _____.
144. Henry VIII had already impregnated _____, one of the ladies-in-waiting at his court. He was desperate to make the child legitimate and marry her.
145. _____, archbishop of _____, agreed to annul the marriage and grant Henry’s second one.
146. _____ and the Parliament passed statute after statue granting the supreme church authority in the king.
147. At first, _____ were dissolved and a _____ service was introduced.
148. England’s first reformation was a result of the “_____.”
149. _____ is an idea that occurs when people start refusing to pay priests for performing services such as burials.
150. Humanists did live in England, including _____ and _____.
151. In 1521, the pope granted Henry VIII the title “_____” for authoring an attack on Luther.
152. During Henry VIII’s reign, countless Protestants had been rooted out of their homes and universities, including _____ who was burned at the stake. Piles of Luther’s books were burned in huge bonfires.
153. _____ wrote an English translation of the New Testament, which had to be smuggled into the country.
154. It was during the reign of _____, Henry’s son by his _____ (#) wife, that more Protestant reforms were set in place.
155. _____ and the _____ were abolished.
156. The mass was interpreted along the lines of _____’s teachings and was called the “_____.”
157. The altar table became the _____ table. The priest became the _____.
158. _____ and 40 others paid with their lives for denying the legality of Henry VIII’s marriage and swearing the new oaths of allegiance.
159. An uprising in the north in 1536, known as the “_____,” posed the most serious threat against the crown since the Wars of the Roses.
160. Edward’s England faced a similar uprising, when the church attempted to introduce a new Protestant _____.
161. _____ was the first woman to rule England. She was a practicing _____ and reestablished _____ sovereignty, abolished Protestant worship, and oversaw the education of new _____.
162. The one thing that the previous woman could not achieve was the restoration of _____.
163. _____ and _____ other bishops were burned for heresy. Over _____, mostly commoners, were burned.
164. _____ Protestants fled the country rather than be burned for heresy. They were known as the _____, and they settled in reformed communities including _____, _____, and _____.
165. The previous people absorbed _____ teachings and began a propaganda campaign to try to convert England. These people were responsible for the second English reformation, which began when _____ died and _____ became ruler.
166. The previous new ruler restored _____. During the reign of Edward VI, then Mary I, or “_____ Mary,” and then the previous new ruler, _____ were abolished and brought back and services were led in either _____ or _____.
167. During this time of confusion, priests/ministers had to trade off between being married and being unmarried (no ?s here).
168. With the return of Protestantism under Elizabeth I, called “_____” or “the _____,” the returning Protestants that had fled under Mary I’s rule had brought back the doctrine of _____ and the simplified restructuring of the church.
169. The _____ continued the English tradition of compromising points of disputed doctrine and of maintaining traditional practices wherever possible.
170. As early as 1525, peasants in _____ appealed to Luther for support in their social rebellion. They based some of their most controversial demands, including the abolition of _____ and _____, on biblical authority.
171. Luther did not compromise with other freethinkers on ideas. He clashed with _____ over free will and with _____ over the mass.
172. The most dangerous threat to the establishment of an orthodox Protestantism came with the _____. It identified people who believed in adult baptism, or “_____.”
173. Both _____ and _____ rejected the radical new ideas of the previously mentioned people.
174. Anabaptists appeared in a number of _____ and _____ towns. They accepted the doctrine of _____ and believed that only believers could be members of the true church of God.
175. All Catholics; Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin accepted _____ as being of biblical origin and vehemently defended its practice. Because infant mortality was so high, it was very important that babies were baptized, otherwise they could not be accepted into heaven.
176. True believers were guided through life by the _____ that resided within them.
177. Anabaptists would have nothing to do with the state, refusing to _____, perform _____, or give oaths.
178. Some Anabaptists did not believe in private property, but rather the property of the community. Other Anabaptists followed word-for-word the Old Testament examples and practiced _____ or _____.
179. Anabaptists gathered some followers as they were driven from town to town, from Germany into the _____ and from Switzerland into _____ and _____.
180. Large groups of Anabaptists finally settled along the eastern edges of _____.
181. Although all Anabaptists followed the practice of adult baptism, most did not believe in shared goods or pacifism. Leaders like _____ and _____ spread Anabaptism into _____ in _____, where they converted a number of the nobility.
182. The previously mentioned people’s followers became known as the “_____.”
183. The previously mentioned did not follow the idea pacifism when the advancing _____ armies posed a problem.
184. Anabaptism spread to England and northern Europe through _____, a _____ Anabaptist. His followers became the “_____.”
The Reformation and the War of the Common Man (please reread for more understanding, as the pages are delivered in more of a story format)
185. For three days, _____ preached to the inhabitants of the central German city of _____ and to the thousands of peasants who had gathered within its walls.
186. The previous man gave Luther the nickname, “_____,” because of his little support in the revolt.
187. Throughout the spring of 1525, the peasants of _____ and the peasants of _____ had risen against their landlords.
188. The previous peasants had seized control of the town of _____, where the man in number 185 was instrumental in creating a “_____” of those who accepted the doctrines of the Reformation.
189. The peasant army, which numbered more than _____, burned monasteries and stormed castles. They overthrew most noble rulers, except the _____ who held out against them.
190. In Frankenhausen, Müntzer unfurled a flag with a _____ on it, the peasant army’s battle banner, and a representation of the covenant through which the common people would secure their salvation.
191. In Swabia, isolated rebellions against monastic lords led to the calling of a “_____” and the formulation of a program of social change known as the _____.
192. The first of the previous was that each community be allowed to choose its own _____. The last that if any of the articles were incompatible with the _____, it will be revoked.
193. _____ became the leaders of peasant bands coordinated into military units.
194. The Swabian forces grew to almost _____, including thousands of mercenaries who posed a threat so impressive that the professional army of the _____ offered them a truce rather than a battle.
195. Tax collectors, estate agents, and petty nobles were put to the sword when they could be captured, especially in _____, which was the scene of great violence.
196. Within a few hours of the battle of the Peasants War in Thuringia, _____ peasants and townspeople lay slain.
The Catholic Reformation
197. Erasmus, Luther, and Zwingli were all influenced by a Catholic spiritual movement known as the _____.
198. This new movement was propagated in Germany by the _____, a lay organization that stressed the importance of personal meditation upon the life of Jesus.
199. _____ was a central text for number 197, and it is commonly attributed to _____, with more than _____ editions printed before 1500.
200. The Brethren taught that a Christian life should be lived according to Jesus’ dictates as expressed in the _____.
201. The _____, the first new translation project of the 16th century, was organized by _____, Archbishop of _____ and _____ of Spain.
202. _____, England’s greatest educational reformer, was dean of _____, London’s cathedral church.
203. Erasmus dedicated his Greek Bible to _____.
204. Number 201 was also _____, undertaking a wide-ranging reorganization of Spanish religious life in the late 15th century. He stressed the competence of clergy and their job of explaining the gospel and instructing children.
205. _____ of _____ believed that a bishop must be a pastor rather than an administrator. After a period of service in Rome, he returned to his diocese and made regular visits to all of its parishes. He founded _____ to aid the poor and orphanages to house the homeless. He established a printing press, which he used primarily to print out the works of _____.
206. _____ was particularly strong in Italy. The _____ were founded by the Italian peasant _____, who sought to follow the strictest rule of the life of Saint _____, a path that even the so-called Observant Franciscans (hint hint) had found too arduous.
207. The _____ were established by a group of well-to-do Italian priests who had also wanted to lead a more austere devotional existence. They accepted extreme poverty, and their small house in Rome served as a center for intellectual spirituality that nurtured _____ subsequent popes.
208. In Spain, _____ led the reform of the _____. From an early age, she had had mystical visions and had entered a convent near her home. When she was 40, following her belief that women had to separate themselves from society in order to achieve full devotion, she founded a convent and wrote _____. She was eventually granted the right to found new convents all across _____. She supervised the organization of 16 religious houses for women.
209. In 1535, _____ established another female order, the _____. It was composed of young, unmarried girls who remained with their families but remained chaste. The group met monthly and submitted to the discipline of a superior, but rejected the cloistered monastic lifestyle and vows. The movement had begun in northern _____ but spread to France.
210. _____ was the thirteenth child of a Spanish noble family and trained to join the army in _____. He was struck in the leg with a _____ in the city of _____. While in convalescence, he studied the life of Jesus and the history of the saints.
211. The previous man endured a yearlong regimen of physical abstinence and spiritual nourishment in the town of _____. He deprived himself of _____ and _____ for long periods and underwent a regimen of several hours of daily prayer. In this city, he encountered The Imitation of Christ, which profoundly influenced his conversion. He recorded the techniques he used during this vigil in _____, which became a handbook for Catholic devotion.
212. Crippled and barefoot, the previous man made a pilgrimage to _____, intent on engaging in a battle against the infidel. He was examined twice for heresy, particularly because of the clothes he and his followers wore. Loyola came into contact with Protestant views at the college that _____ had just left.
213. Pope _____ granted Loyola approval to form his own holy order, known as the _____, or the _____.
214. One such follower, _____, ventured to Portugal , where he was sent off to gain converts in the east for 10 years. By the year 1556, the new order had grown from 10 to 1,000.
215. The Jesuits were the “_____ of God” who served “beneath the banner of the Cross.”
216. _____ refers to the Church using new, aggressive revival methods in order to gain back converts.
217. _____ was a new weapon of the Church that listed unholy texts.
218. Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia, saw a council as an opportunity to reconvert the _____.
219. The Spanish saw the council as an opportunity to initiate new reforms as drawn up by _____, such as the idea that priests must reside within their diocese.
220. The Council of _____ met between 1545 and 1563.
221. The previous town was in _____, though under the government of the emperor.
222. Less than a _____ of the delegates at the council were not Italians.
223. The emperor forbade his bishops to attend after the council moved to _____.
224. _____ bishops attended one or another of the council’s sessions, _____ of them were from Italy.
225. At the council, they corrected a number of abuses, the most key being the _____.
226. On the heels of success of the Jesuits, they ordered _____ to be founded in all dioceses where there was not already a university.
227. They prepared a new and modified Catholic _____ and updated the Index.
228. The Council of Trent basically revoked all Church doctrinal changes that had been made in the last _____ years.
229. Charles V was successful in capturing _____ and _____ in the first stage of war.
230. The princes eventually got to the better of him, and, old and broken, Charles V was initially forced to flee through the _____ in the dead of winter.
231. Through the _____, Charles V agreed to allow the princes of Germany to establish the religion of their people.
232. The previous ended _____ years of struggle between Protestant and Catholic princes.
233. Luther had been buried in the shadows of what building?
234. Charles V was advised to have Luther’s body exhumed and burned to carry out _____ years too late the Edict of Worms that had made Luther an outlaw from church and state.
235. Of Henry VIII, Francis I, and Charles V, which had lived the longest?
Study your notes anyway, but I thought it’d be cool if we could get to 244 questions, eh?
236. The Puritans founded churches that are “_____” in America today.
237. In the late 1950’s, _____ was a council headed up by the Church, under Pope _____. It allowed, among many other things, meat to be eaten on Fridays and abolished the masses only being conducted in Latin
238. _____ was originally going to become a Jesuit priest, but instead entered politics. The current mayor of _____.
239. “The road/path to hell is paved with the skulls of _____” was a Calvinist and Catholic saying.
240. _____ was what Philip II launched after Elizabeth I killed the Catholic British lady, Mary, Queen of Scots.
241. Calvin accepted the ideas of _____ of England.
242. Calvinists in France is known as _____. In Scotland, Calvinism gave way to the _____. In England, _____. In Switzerland, _____. In Netherlands, _____.
243. The Calvinists in England, whom you know from the previous question, established what town in the U.S.?
244. Utopia means “_____.” Unrelated, Erasmus is known as the “_____” of Christian humanism.
Check here for answers. (Some are really dumb, I'm just warning you...)
Official Word Documents - Italics are conserved, easy to print!
OFFICIAL WORD DOCUMENT WITH QUESTIONS
OFFICIAL WORD DOCUMENT WITH ANSWERS
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